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RELATED ITEMS
Roundel with double-headed eagle
- Title/name : Roundel with double-headed eagle
- Production place : Syria/Egypt
- Date / period : Thirteenth century
- Materials and techniques : Cut marble, engraved and carved decorations
- Dimensions : Circumference: 46cm
- Conservation town : Cairo
- Conservation place : Museum of Islamic Art,
- Inventory number : 12752
On the left of this plate there’s a crescent or
part of a band that forms an ellipse, in which there’s a figurative motif on a
ground of tendrils and animated entrelacs. In the centre, a double-headed eagle
with spread out wings is holding a bovid or a unicorn in its beaks.
The piece’s rich decorations have many
influences. Firstly, the tendrils that end in animals’ heads in the ground motif
are reminiscent of the waq-waq tree motif. This theme is found in Iran,
Afghanistan, and Anatolia in
the Ghaznavid era (977–1186),
and was probably transmitted to the Arab and Turkish worlds via Central Asia. These animated tendrils are found on
various supports, ivories, and textiles, such as on Mamluk printed cotton
textiles. On one such example there’s a vegetal motif, in which there’s a lion’s
head, a bird, a rabbit’s head, and an inscription in cursive characters.
Each part of the surface of the eagle’s body
has been rendered differently. A symmetrical axis that begins with the palmette
situated between the two heads extends to the end of the tail. This palmette motif
recurs in several places: at the base of the neck, formed by two small birds
facing one another, whose wings are curved upwards; and then on the eagle’s
belly and forehead of the bovid with long ears, from which seems to emerge the
fan-like end of an eagle’s tail.
The central motif of the double-headed eagle is
a motif associated with travel, which is found in both Western and oriental
societies. Very common in Anatolia and Al
Jazeera, it is a symbol of power and royalty. It is found in Seljuk Anatolia,
carved on madrasahs (Divriği, Erzurum), on ceramics (shaped
pieces and tiles, such as in the palaces of Diyarbakir and Beyşehir) and, in an almost similar form,
painted on the interior of the lectern offered to Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī by the
Seljuk Sultan. It is also found in the Islamic
West, in Sicily (ceiling of the Palatine
Chapel in Palermo and, in Spain, on stone
bowls and textiles). There’s a piece of silk cloth in the Museum
of Islamic Art in Cairo which is attributed to Sultan Qalāʾūn
and on which there’s a representation of a double-headed eagle.
This attests to the continued use of this motif under the Mamluks.
The motif of the bovid’s head is found carved
on stone in Seljuk Anatolia and on contemporary metals from Iran and Turkey.
The surface treatment, with its various levels,
is reminiscent of Seljuk art and certain Fatimid woodworks and ivories, on
which are found similar carvings that are sometimes entirely pierced.
NOTE
A legend that spread in the Arab and Chinese worlds,
probably transmitted via the maritime ‘Silk Route’. It tells of the existence of
the island of waq waq, on which grew
trees, whose fruit consisted of the heads of women or children, who shouted waq waq when touched.
BIBLIOGRAPHY RELATED TO THE ITEM
Exhibition Islamic art in Egypte 969-1517, (exh. cat., Le Caire, Hôtel
Sémiramis, 1969), Cairo, Ministry of culture U.A.R., 1969, p. 205, n° 196,
ill. 34.
L’étrange et le merveilleux en terre d’Islam, (exh. cat., Paris, musée
du Louvre, 2001), Paris, RMN, 2001.
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